Front Office as the Nerve Center of Hotel Industry Free Sample

Question: Why Front Office Nerve Center of Hotel Industry? Answer: A lodging's front office is arranged at the front of the inn and is liable for appointments and deals of lodgings through the precise strategies for reservation, enlistment, and relegating of rooms. The front office can likewise be portrayed as a lodging's grandstand windowas it mirrors an inn's picture (Ahmad Scott, 2014). A lodging's front office holds essential significance in the perspective on an inn's fundamental nature of business for example selling of rooms. In this way, the front office is intended to save, get, dispense rooms, and register visitors just as go about as a wellspring of data to visitors during their lodging remain. Other fundamental elements of the front office incorporate settling a visitor account, readiness of visitor history card, giving visitor administrations, air terminal get, gear taking care of, and so on. The front office of an inn is the Nerve Centerwhere all the messages and data are imparted to various people and offices. This article depicts why the front office of an inn is its operational hub and it starts by clarifying the obligations and significance of the front office staff that makes the office so pivotal, trailed by the aptitudes required by the group to make the office a triumph. Front Office Staff The staffs of the front office division are the association's essential contact with general society. The staff individuals handle an assortment of undertakings that incorporate reservations, welcoming visitors on appearance, enrolling new visitors, apportioning keys, overseeing approaching and friendly messages, giving data, tuning in to protests, taking messages for visitors, and dealing with registration techniques when visitors withdraw. The front office may utilize the accompanying work force; front office director, colleague front office supervisor, front work area agents, clerks, phone administrator, reservationists, night inspector, watchman administration, attendant, ringer commander, and key representative. The obligations of these staff give the division its significance. The Front Office Manager As portrayed by Andrews (2013), the front office director has an expansive scope of obligations that incorporate keeping up a high-productivity level among the front office staff, settling on successful choices in regards to room assignments and reservation strategies, and dealing with protests and visitor issues with politeness and kindness. Furthermore, the chief needs to keep up an open correspondence channel with all other inn offices. The front office chief additionally gets ready move assignments and week by week work plans, allocates obligations to staff individuals, and holds intermittent workforce gatherings to ensure that staff individuals stick to and comprehend lodging working methods and approaches. Additionally, the supervisor may likewise prepare and recruit new workers, just as intermittently survey the presentation of all staff individuals (Prayag Hosany, 2015; Reichel, Fuchs, Pizam, Poria, 2014). Moreover, it is a front office director's obligation to characterize and set reservation arrangements and amounts with the objective of guaranteeing there is most extreme room inhabitance. The director needs to watch visitor appearances, flights, and abrogations just as set approaches with respect to unexpected appearances, flake-outs, and over appointments. The front office director additionally manages customers and takes remedial activities with the necessities of extraordinary visitors and when grumblings or issues emerge. Other visitor interchanges obligations for front office directors may incorporate inviting significant visitors, and giving data on inn offices, administrations, and strategies (Rao Sahu, 2013). Furthermore, the front office administrator is required to normally consult with the deals and promoting division for refreshes on potential pinnacle periods, charging game plans, and individual gathering reservations. Additionally, the administrator likewise needs to keep in touch with the bookkeeping office concerning uncommon charging prerequisites and issues just as the housekeeping staff on issues about room status. Finally, the front office administrator ought to routinely get ready composed reports on the advancement and exercises of the front office for survey by the chiefs. The Assistant Front Office Manager The associate front office administrator is answerable for the coordination of front work area tasks. The administrator may screen installments and visitor accounts and approve exceptional strategies and checks notwithstanding preparing new front office work force. Additionally, the associate front office chief may likewise help the front work area staff during top periods. Different obligations of an associate chief incorporate getting ready every day room inhabitance gauges and surveying bookings for the current day (Khairizam, Azmi, Ahmat, 2013). Front Desk Representatives Bonfanti, Vigolo Negri (2016) show that the front work area agents convey the lodging's character to visitors more effectively than some other staff part. Front work area delegates likewise cause visitors to feel invited and promptly react to issue or grumblings. Notwithstanding working legitimately with inn visitors, the work area operators have a huge job in relegating rooms just as keeping up the inhabitance to most extreme levels. Moreover, the front work area agent checks credit recognizable proof and approval, confirms reservation data, allots rooms and administers room keys when inn visitors show up. The front work area agent is additionally liable for informing the ringer chief or calling a chime orderly to ship the gear of visitors. Different obligations comprise of giving data about approaches and offices and dealing with solicitations of extraordinary visitors, for example, blessing buys, copies, etc. They may likewise be required to deal with reservation demands or calls, or to guide calls to the switchboard or reservations office. Visitor correspondences obligations incorporate arranging visitor mail, stepping, taking visitors' messages and sending wire or fax reports. At the point when a visitor wishes to leave, the front work area delegate calls a chime orderly to ship gear to the anteroom, and he/she gets ready and orchestrates the check of the visitor. Different obligations of the front work area delegates incorporate surveying reservations, checking rooms, and speaking with the housekeeping office in regards to room needs and inhabitance figures. The Night Auditor Night reviewers have double jobs which incorporate playing out the obligations related with front work area delegates around evening time just as other accounting capacities, for example, getting ready parity reports. The move of a night examiner as a rule runs for 8hrs from 11 p.m to 7 a.m. When there is slack in the front work area exercises, the night inspector is entrusted with the duty of following or examining the postings of past exchanges trying to confirm their precision. The night inspector likewise ascertains the charges acquired by visitors and owed to the lodging during the past business day. The all out installments got from visitors during the day are deducted from the inn's all out charges to build up the day by day balance which speaks to the sum despite everything owed to the lodging for the exchanges of the earlier day (Batini?, 2014). Clerks The essential obligation of a front work area clerk is posting charges, looking at withdrawing customers, confirming the checks of the visitors and taking care of installments. In certain conditions, the administration may likewise expect clerks to help other front work area staff individuals in the exhibition of their obligations. At certain inns, front work area agents handle the elements of a clerk just as visitor enlistment. In any case, at some different inns, the front office staff is exceptionally particular. Front work area receptionists, for example, might be liable for welcome showing up visitors, enrolling visitors and checking reservations while clerks are just capable during registration to get installments (Inkaew, 2016). Moreover, the clerk may likewise figure the visitors' charges and present the checks. The front office supervisor as a rule administers the front work area receptionists. In spite of the way that clerks work at the gathering, they are viewed as a feature of the bookkeeping division and in this manner are overseen by the bookkeeping administrator. Plus, the clerk is likewise liable for the presentation of other routine front office obligations like organizing room status reports, dealing with visitor interchanges, and arranging messages (Inkaew, 2016; Kim, Knutson, Han, 2015; Lee, Teng, Chen, 2015). Reservationist A lodging reservationist is a crucial piece of tasks in an inn. The reservationist gives visitors their early introduction of the administrations and estimations of an inn at the booking. Subsequently, reservations operators must be very much educated, considerate, and instructive. A reservationist's essential obligation is to lease lodgings to visitors. The operator should likewise overcome any protests of the visitors. Lodging administrators are liable for giving guidelines so the reservationist operators will know explicitly what to state if the visitors acknowledge or oppose the arrangements. The guidelines may arrive in a content structure that must be uncertainly followed. A reservationist is additionally an individual that stores tickets, occasions or makes arrangements with respect to travel game plans. Reservationists likewise use aptitudes of client support to help individuals. The reservationist specialist books tickets, occasions or online courses of action face to face o r by telephone. They likewise address the client's issues and delivers client affirmations as well as could be expected. Furthermore, the reservationists are additionally liable for reaching clients when an end is submitted (Boz, Yilmaz, Arslan, Koc, 2016; Boonpektrakul, 2014). Phone Operator Boonpektrakul (2014) clarifies that a telephone administrator's essential obligation is moving of outer calls from the inn to the visitor rooms. Administrators need to achieve this without giving out a lodging's number. Despite the way that phone administrators may not meet up close and personal with hote

An Economist's Account of the Existence of Moral hazard in the Essay

An Economist's Account of the Existence of Moral danger in the medicinal services part, and depict the components important to tac - Essay Example Be that as it may, it is contended that the presence of the unnecessary use of these frameworks is because of the nonattendance of a monetary obstruction to control the interest, and nearness of money related courses of action on the gracefully side, which empowers suppliers to flexibly inefficient sums. For the most part, unregulated, serious markets bring about private medical coverage, which adds to the idea of more protection, which decreases wellbeing dangers, and yet, expands request and cost. In such manner, Nyman (2003) contended that most financial analysts see controlling the gracefully side as a potential method of mitigating this issue. With such consultations, it has been hard for both the approach creators and financial experts to quantify the degree of interest and flexibly thought to be perfect in the market. In light with this, activities have been planned so as to check moral risk. Customer moral dangers counter strategies In request for approaches to react to purch aser moral perils, different issues must be placed into thought without essentially concentrating on money related ones. The utilization of essential consideration specialists as the passage to forestalling abuse of emergency clinic administrations has been supported by numerous high salary nations (Culyer and Newhouse 2000). Then again, a similar methodology has been supported by lower pay nations by method of utilizing shoeless specialists. By the by, various measures have been intended to check customer moral dangers. Co-installments Co-installments have been used by various nations to apply some budgetary weight on the buyer so as to demoralize superfluous utilization of social insurance. This includes a few plans, which contrast based on the budgetary course of action (Sexton 2010). By the by, singular plan is made out of level rate change for every unit of administration, a deductable likened to overabundance, and co-protection. One of the most eminent commitments of co-instal lments originates from the renowned medical coverage execute (HIE). In this specific test, families that took an interest in the investigation were arbitrarily doled out one of the distinctive free-for-administration protection plans. The free for administration plans included various degrees of cost sharing. Secured costs included most clinical administrations. Another arrangement of the arrangement included free access to inpatient administrations. The result of the analysis demonstrated that usage reacts to sums paid using cash on hand. Per capita all out costs on the free recorded 45 percent higher than those on the arrangement with a 95 percent co-protection, be that as it may, spending rates on the remainder of plans was all things considered. Then again, outpatient costs on the gave free arrangement recorded an expansion of 67 percent higher than those on the 95 percent co-protection plan. The discoveries from this analysis showed that an expansion in the client cost will pro mpt a diminishing popular. In such manner, it is clear that actualizing charges would prompt specialists focusing more on the individuals who can stand to pay (Sexton 2010). In any case, the suggestion is that those more in need will in general have less access to administrations. This turns into the issue of the methodology upheld by RAND study. This is seemingly obvious in light of the fact that in disturb, the figure of those more needing administration and ready to pay is supplanted by those less out of luck and incapable to pay. The other significant issue of concern is whether the reaction of interest for human services to alteration in its costs is the equivalent or distinctive for a few gatherings in the public eye (Nyman 2003). It is additionally important to

How Yoga Can Help Reduce Stress

How Yoga Can Help Reduce Stress Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Print How Yoga Can Help Reduce Stress By Ann Pizer twitter linkedin Ann Pizer is a writer and registered yoga instructor who teaches vinyasa/flow and prenatal yoga classes. Learn about our editorial policy Ann Pizer Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Richard Fogoros, MD on December 16, 2015 Richard N. Fogoros, MD, is a retired professor of medicine and board-certified internal medicine physician and cardiologist. He is Verywells Senior Medical Advisor. Learn about our Medical Review Board Richard Fogoros, MD Updated on June 03, 2017 mapodile / Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Yoga has long been known to be a great antidote to stress. Yoga combines many popular stress-reducing techniques, including exercise and learning to control the breath, clear the mind, and relax the body. As yoga becomes increasingly popular, more and more people are discovering the benefits this ancient practice brings to their stressful lives. Establishing a consistent yoga routine is the best way to experience the difference yoga can make. This  five-pose stress management yoga routine  is intended for beginners who think they dont have time for yoga. Exercise Hatha Yoga is the physical practice of yoga postures. There are many different types of hatha yoga: some are slow and more focused on stretching, others are fast and more of a workout. If you are looking to relieve stress, no one yoga style is superior, so pick one that meets your level of physical fitness and personality. Any exercise will help relieve stress by keeping the body healthy and releasing endorphins, natural hormones that make you feel better. Yoga also relieves stress through stretching. When you are stressed, tension is stored in the body making you feel tight and often causing pain. The intense stretching of yoga releases tension from problem areas, including the hips and shoulders. Breath Control Pranayama, or breath work, is an important part of any yoga practice and one that translates well to life off the mat. At the very least, yoga increases your awareness of the breath as a tool for relaxing the body. Although breathing is an involuntary act (you have to keep doing it to stay alive), you can choose to regulate the breath. Just learning to take deep breaths and realizing that this can be a quick way to combat stressful situations is amazingly effective. Clearing the Mind Our minds are constantly active, racing from one thought to another, spinning possible scenarios for the future, dwelling on incidents from the past. All this mind work is tiring and stressful. Yoga offers several techniques for taming the monkey mind. One is breath work, as outlined above. Each breath is tied inextricably to the present moment; you are not breathing in the past or the future, but only right now. Focusing on each inhale and exhale to the exclusion of other thoughts is one way to clear the mind, It is also a basic meditation technique. In addition, the performance of yoga poses, or asanas, also acts as a form of meditation. The poses are so physical  and have to be done with such concentration, that all other thoughts and worries are put to the side, giving your brain a much-needed break. Relaxation Each yoga sessions ends with five to ten minutes spent relaxing in corpse pose - savasana. While this enforced relaxation can be difficult at first, eventually it serves the purpose of a total release for both body and mind. Savasana transitions you back into the world feeling refreshed and equipped with the tools to combat stress in your daily life. Yoga Nidra is a practice that offers an opportunity for a longer, deeper period of relaxation and an introduction to meditation, which can also be a great stress reducer.

Martin Luther King Memorial Essay - 1993 Words

The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial is the newest memorial to be built in Washington D.C. The memorial was finished with construction in the summer of 2011. This memorial celebrates the life of one of the most influential leaders of the Civil Rights era, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This is a reminder of Dr. Kings’ powerful impact on the country and even the world. It was only right that a memorial was built in Washington D.C. to honor the life of this powerful man. Dr. Kings’ memorial is located on 1964 Independence Avenue. The street number represents the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that Martin Luther King had a huge role in. The vision in adding the Martin Luther King’s memorial was to have a â€Å"line of leadership† which is the combination†¦show more content†¦The author tells the reader that this speech is taught in school and is in every history book. The author assumes that everyone knows about this speech. The author also assumes that every one would be able to identify the speech with just a few lines of it. Because this speech is well known, they found no need to include it in the memorial because everyone should know the words. Once again the author reaches the audiences’ pathos because they talk about how this memorial will make a person feel and this can change the feeling of the reader because the reader will now expect to feel what the author is describing. They trust that what the author says will be how they will feel when visiting this memorial. The author also reaches the readers logos because they are trying to persuade the reader that because Martin Luther King was so influential, there is so much about him we can learn, just from walking through the memorial site. Hundreds Celebrate First Anniversary of Martin Luther King Memorial text says, â€Å"We are so pleased that millions of people have come to visit this memorial,† said Johnson, who calls Houston, Texas home. â€Å"I think it’s evident that when you come here you see people of all hues, races, creeds and colors. We’re excited about it.† The author is quoting a man who feels this memorial is bringing together people from all walks of life.Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Memorial in Yerba Buena Gardens1146 Words   |  5 PagesBuena Gardens, except in one particular location. In one corner of the gardens stands a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial. The memorial is breathtakingly beautiful with a fifty foot high and twenty foot wide waterfall that falls over Sierra granite. In the Memorial’s hallway, visitors read quotes from Dr. King himself that are engraved on glass panels and set in granite. The physical beauty of the memorial is undeniabl e, however many people are not aware of the symbolism lying beneath the memorial’sRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1538 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr.’s legacy is one that is hard to forget due to the impact he had on thousands of African-American individuals and American society as a whole. 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Working The Angles The Shape Of Pastoral Integrity

In today s culture the congregational expectations on a pastor are quite different from the vocational spiritual disciplines required for faithful pastoral ministry. The office of the pastor, for the congregation, has become nothing more than a managerial position of running a religious organization. In response to this Eugene Peterson offers his take on the distinctive work of the pastor and the practices that shape pastoral integrity. In his book, Working the Angles: The Shape of Pastoral Integrity, Peterson outlines the practices of prayer, Scripture and spiritual direction as the backbone of faithful pastoral ministry. The following will discuss these practice, there benefit to pastoral ministry and why Peterson call to these practice are important to pastors today. Peterson opens Working the Angles with three chapters on prayer. He critiques contemporary Seminary culture for training pastors to focus on the ministry of the Word and Sacrament. However, Peterson contests, â€Å"F or the majority of the Christian centuries most pastors have been convinced that prayer is the central and essential act for maintaining the essential shape of the ministry to which they were ordained.†1 For Peterson prayer is never the first word, but it is response to what God has already done and is doing. Therefore, the pastoral task is to restore prayer to this position of response through practice of praying the Psalms and other Scripture. It is vitally important that pastors make space forShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagessignifier (or expression) and the significate (or content) of the linguistic unit, but the second articulation can affect only the signifier of its corresponding unit. Monemes may be lexical or grammatical. The sentence We are working contains four monemes; the word working is constituted of the lexical moneme (or semanteme, or, as Mar* De Saussure s translator used the terms signifier/signified. The translator of Andrà © Martinet s Elements de linguistique gà ©nà ©rale prefers significans/significatumRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesManager s Day (B) (see handout provided by instructor) An International Project Manager s Day (C) (see handout provided by instructor) An International Project Manager s Day (D) (see handout provided by instructor) Ellen Moore (A): Living and Working in Korea 177 Ji nan Broadcasting Corporation 196 4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 205 Quasar Communications, Inc. 207 Jones and Shephard Accountants, Inc. 212 Fargo Foods 216 Government Project Management 220 Falls EngineeringRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesat Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere

Policing Functions Paper Free Essays

Individual Policing Functions Paper The police departments have come a long way from the way they were many years ago. The police have changed for the better but there is still room for improvement. In policing today there are a lot more officers, detectives, and other law enforcement officials accounted for then there was in the past years. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing Functions Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now When we have all of these people in the criminal system, it has made the government to be able to provide better protection for the people in the communities. Policing in the past and in the present there are many different outlooks of how the policing functions.. These functions stem from different levels of law enforcement which includes the local, state, and federal organizational levels. These are very important parts of the criminal justice system, because every individual within these levels must be sure to protect citizens, enforce law, and perform the duties that are required of them in order to keep the United States safe from criminals and terrorist attacks from other foreign countries that might try to attack the United States. As years have passed on within policing, there are many possible future changes that will have an effect in the field of policing. Within each level of policing there are many different roles in which every individual in the policing field must take part in if they are going to be on the law enforcement team. I say this because this is a very serious 24/7 operation and the duties are never ending for each of the levels. The local law enforcement agencies were put in place to do routine patrol within the communities that are within their jurisdiction. Local police officers are also able to assist with emergency services, upholding traffic enforcement, and conduct criminal investigations. These local police officers overall role is to ensure that all citizens are safe within their communities. To ensure residents in their community, officers will ensure that they are safe by communication. Back in time officers were not to friendly with the residents they came in contact with, but that has also changed because law enforcement need residential help. Officers that work within the state level also have different functions that they must fulfill while working under the state level. State police will sometimes work with the local police officers, if need be. The state officer’s main function within the criminal justice system is ensuring that the main state highways and any rural areas within the particular state are safe. State officers are also in charge of inspecting suspicious vehicles. Under the federal government there are different agencies that have different functions. There are three popular organizations that are within the federal government in which they are Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), The United States Marshal Service, and the United States Border Patrol, in which all three organizations have different functions that must be completed correctly. The functions of the FBI are responsible for major criminal investigation such as major drug organization, and any other high profile crimes. The United States Marshal Service function is to apprehend suspects that may be on the run because of their high profile case. The Us Marshal must also transport criminals/prisoners from state to state if needed. In addition the United States Border Patrol function is to ensure that even individual that enters or exist the United States have the proper documents in order to re-gain entrance into the United States. The Border Patrol also will have the right to check for any illegal good or drugs that individuals might try to smuggle into the United States. All there organizations work hand in hand in order to protect the citizens of the county and the county as a whole. All three level of the criminal justice system have many different functions within each level organizations, but they all serve for the same purpose in which is to protect citizens from illegal acts, and to ensure that the United States is free from different attacks. The levels of the criminal justice system have faced many changes in the past and still more changes to come for the near future. Since the attacks on the United States occurred on September 11, 2001 it damaged the United States in the worse way. There were changes that occurred after this attack, in which affect every level in the criminal justice system. At first the levels of the criminal system were out looking for individuals that commit misdemeanors and felonies, now the main function and role of the local, state, and federal levels is to ensure that the United States is protected from terrorism. In the near future there will be more effective technology, such as upgraded computer system, radar system, and different technology features that can help pinpoint and suspect. Lastly, all three levels in the near future may become one whole. I say this because in the near future every helping hand and every set of eyes is what the government is going to need. Reasons behind this are; as the world continues to change the crimes in the near future may be worse in what it has been in the past, and how it is at this current moment. These changes may have affected each level of law enforcement but the positive outcome of the change for all levels is that all local, state, and federal agencies now have the ability to share and use information with each other. This is a great choice because all levels will always be on the same page, and will all be alerted if something arises in the United States. All missions, functions, and roles within all levels still remain the same. The local, state, and federal level must learn how to maintain the crime level at the same time while protecting the country from for highly dangerous terrorist attacks. Thus the criminal justice system and the levels local, state, and federal level are always going to face different situations and will always encounter changes within the system. At all time the local, state, and federal level must still maintain all functions that are required from them. As stated in this paper it has examined the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational level. In this paper it has addressed the possible future changes in laws and the overall impact that these levels must face in the field of policing. How to cite Policing Functions Paper, Essay examples

Professor Notes- Counselling for Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention

Question: Discuss about theCounsellingfor Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention. Answer: Introduction A crisis has been described as a discriminating disturbance of the emotional homeostasis in which the customary coping system of an individual fall short and there has been a proof of pain and useful destruction. The prejudiced response to distressing experiences of life that the cooperation of the constancy of an individual and capacity to deal with or utility (Putzel John, 2012). It could also be described as a circumstance in which the person perceives a sudden loss of his or her capability to make use of the efficient problem solving and coping abilities. Crisis interference, on the other hand has been defined as the process which was utilized in order to propose instantaneous, short-term assistance to the people who experience an event (Grace College, 2016). So, in order to observe that a crisis has taken place then a person should establish that the event was: Unanticipated; Creates doubt; Observed as a danger to achieve the set goals. The crisis could impact upon the functioning of an individual in different manners as the crisis intervention could be assessed by determining: Severity of the Crisis: It could be done by assessing the time spent by an individual in crisis as it would determine from the subjective view of the customer that the functioning was in cognition, affect or psychomotor. Customers present emotional state emotional mobility or immobility; Alternative, coping mechanisms, support systems and other resources; Customers level of lethality. Also, there has been an ABC state of crisis which stands for: Affective State which describes how was the client response and they try to change their feelings at such time of crisis which includes: The client may be angry at the time of crisis and panic; The customer may be in a nervous shock or in a state of nervousness so he should be treated well; He may become sad and be emotional due to the mis-happening which was taking place; And at last the clients may be frustrated by such crisis so they must be handled in a calm and composed manner and should not be busted out. Because they have to be calm and composed and should cooperate with other individuals as there may be some problems or scarcities. Behavioral functioning which facilitate positive actions which have to be taken and the work which they carry out such as: The clients should not think about the crisis which took place and should move toward and lead their life as they were living because it would harm the lives of their people; They should avoid thinking about such disaster which took place then only they would be in a position to lead a new life; They must carry out their work with peacefulness in a calm and composed way. Cognitive State which describes how the clients were thinking and what were was the thinking pattern of the client such as: They should not think about the corporal harm they got rather should think that they survived such a mis hap; They must be psychologically strong and should handle other people; They should be happy and lead their Social Relationships in a new and innovative way. For crisis intervention there has been a hybrid model. It was said to be utilized for some of the crisis interventions as a manner which ensure that some of the themes were able to be concentrated on at the time of assisting the individuals on the occasion of crisis. This model was premeditated to improve the linear approach which was followed previously in order to assist in the intrusion of the disaster. The hybrid model looks at crises in a more sensible style and permits the people or Crises Intervention Team (CIT) to move from chaos-decreasing tasks by permitting more beneficial novelty and ensuing in augmented chances toward declaration (Tuen, 2016). The model includes tasks that could be carried out in arithmetical sequence from Task 1 to Task 7, or they could be finished as the crisis order. The first task in the hybrid model was the tendency, appealing, or starting a contact. Initiating any relationship with the individual who was in crisis was serious to construct an affiliation of announcement (Roberts, 2016). The second task was discovery of the problem. This task opens an argument of how the customer was feeling and could assist to define the crisis from their point of view. The third task grants emotional, social and informational sustenance. It was tremendously significant for an individual who was going through a crisis and have someone appreciate what they were feeling. The fourth task was probing options. Prescription and other action resources which may grant some of these alternatives. The fifth task was scheduling in order to rule some power over disorganized circumstances. The sixth task was attaining an obligation from the customer to persist to move forward and accept support when it was desirable. The last task would be following up with the clients. This was an ideal manner to keep the lines of communication open and could almost guarantee that any upcoming difficulties could be addressed before they become major crises. As such crisis happens with it a lot of problems have been observed to their such as: As a result of such incidents and crisis there has been a possibility and observance that people may develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by following such incidents which intimidate or appear to intimidate the protection of an individual (Psychology, 2016). PTSD has been connected and affiliated by most of the individuals with rape and the soldiers who fight battles and services of the battle has been regarded as the most common cause which was observed in men but any happening (or sequence of happening) that overpower an individual with approaches of desperation and exposure which could cause PTSD, particularly if the incident which took place was felt erratic and irrepressible (UN Women, 2012). At the same time there has been a similar therapy as PTSD which would help individuals to get out of such issue which was known as Person-centered therapy (PCT). It was also defined as a psychotherapy which was particularly focused on individuals, the counseling which was also centered on individuals, customer-focused treatment and psychotherapy of the Rogerian. This therapy was regarded as a form of psychiatric therapy which was initiated by a psychologist in the 19th century whose name was Carl Rogers. The goal of this therapy which could be used at the time of occurring of an event was to grant all of the customers with a chance to apprehend how their feelings and actions were being exaggerated. Although such a type of method has been disapproved of by a number of behaviorists for the purpose of deficient arrangement and by therapists for in point of fact granting a provisional association, it has confirmed to be an effectual and accepted treatment. Another therapy which could be used as a cure for individuals at the time of such events which has attained extensive submissions in the behavior of material abuse could be stated as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The beginning of such type of therapies were dealt in behavioral theory, by putting focus on both traditional training and operant erudition; cognitive community education theory, from where such ideas were taken relating to the observational knowledge. The power of modeling and the function of cognitive expectancies were also included in shaping the actions; and cognitive theory and treatment, which centers on the belief, attitude, approach, and acknowledgments that manipulates the feelings of an individual and arbitrate the affiliation which could be made among the background and actions (Kohli, 2016). So, the Behavioral approaches presuppose that such matters mistreatment disorders which were urbanized and preserved by way of the widespread main beliefs of education and corroboration. It could also be stated that if consistently anxiety makes an individual feels like vulnerable, disheartened, and completely worn out, then such individual may be said to be suffering from a issue of burnout(Roberts Ottens, 2010). Such a suffering may be there where people face any incident or a situation of crisis which makes them to be a state of shock and nervousness. Therefore, it could be stated that if an individual was burned out, then the problems could be seem to be insuperable, all the things looks miserable, and it would be complicated to congregate up the force to be concerned and let alone carry out something about that circumstance (George, 2016). The sadness and lack of involvement which could be resulted as a result of the burnout causes could intimidate the job of an individual, his relations, and his physical condition. But burnout could be conquered as there have been a number of things which could be done by an individual in order to recover ones balance and begin to feel optimistic and confident again (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorder, 2016). Burnout has been regarded as a state of expressive, psychological, and corporeal tiredness which could be caused by extreme and extended pressure. It takes place when an individual feels inundated, expressively worn out, and incapable to congregate the consistent demands of an individual (Puleo McGlothlin, 2016). Also it has been stated and observed that as the nervous tension takes place and occur consistently, an individual begin to lose the curiosity or inspiration that led him to take on a particular part in the first place (Rady et al.,2009). Efficiency of an individual could be decreased by way of the event of Burnout as it also undermine the energy of an individual, leaving his feeling progressively more powerless, impossible, pessimistic, and bitter. Ultimately, an individual may feel like the other person has nothing more to provide him with (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2016). Similarly, as the world in which people live is dynamic and flexible in nature which changes as per the requirements and needs of an individual so speedily all the families were observed into disorder over redundancy, homelessness, sickness, separation, and matter/alcohol which abuses an individual (Stevens Ellerbrock, 2016). So, people could be reminded of the fact that before all of these manmade adversities which became possible. But on the other hand, there have been some of natural disasters ecological pressures and inherited services that cause many purposes for crises which took place in life of all the individuals. Several kinds of data and practices have been adopted in order to build flexibility as these kinds of data and information supports for these times should be a compulsory for all (Benveniste, 2016). The dispute for crisis intervention programs therefore, could be stated as a tool which helps individuals and their work in order to grant effectual crisis sustenance and aid as soon as possible by following persecution, and to make available some of the resources and services which would help in meeting the desires of sufferers by providing direct aid or recommendations to other agencies (Patient, 2016). Therefore, it could be concluded that the Hybrid Model of Crisis Management was used in order to incarcerate an enhanced picture of the desires of an individual of poignant supports during momentous suffering which would assist in reducing the probable moments in the life of an individual from becoming a more distressing life incident. It could also be anticipated that the conclusions of the circumstances of a crisis which has occurred become more tragic yet people were assisted by the authorities, whom the people agreed to services, and the family of such sufferers attained assistance and possessions by way of this crisis intervention model. So, at the end it could be stated that the Crisis intervention and the Hybrid Model of Crisis Management could be regarded as a significant constituent of the remedial procedure for all the sufferers. Crisis intervention and the hybrid model were as a result should not be allocated to one detailed organization or association, but should be utilized as a significant constituent of each agency or association that deals with wounded individuals of crime. This comprises of the victim encouragement associations, personal organizations or associations (such as hospitals or schools), community service associations, law enforcement, and improvements. Many law enforcement associations have urbanized crisis intervention teams which were headed by a number of workers such as by specialized community employees to act in response to the circumstances of crisis which they face as a result of emergency calls. To be effectual, crisis intervention and the model must be granted in a methodical, prepar ed, humanistic way and must focus on the independence of the sufferers and his or her desires. References Benveniste, D. (2016). Crisis Intervention After Major Disasters. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.thecjc.org/pdf/benveniste_crisis.pdf Encyclopedia of Mental Disorder. (2016). Crisis intervention. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Crisis-intervention.html George, A.L.(2016). The Impact of Crisis-Induced Stress on Decision Making. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219168/ Grace College. (2016). Responding to Trauma: Crisis Intervention Models. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://online.grace.edu/news/human-services/crisis-intervention-models/ Kohli, R. (2016). Crisis Intervention: Understanding The Nature Of Crisis. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.springtideresources.org/resource/crisis-intervention-understanding-nature-crisis National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2016). The Challenges to Post-Eradication Outbreaks. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98115/ Patient. (2016). Crisis Intervention. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://patient.info/in/doctor/crisis-intervention Psychology. (2016). Crisis Counseling. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/counseling-therapy/crisis-counseling/ Puleo, S., McGlothlin, J. (2016). Overview of Crisis Intervention. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780132431774/downloads/jackson_ch1_overviewofcrisisintervention.pdf Putzel, J., John, J.D. (2012). Meeting The Challenges Of Crisis States Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/finalreport/Meeting-the-Challenges-Executive-Summary.pdf Rady, A., Elsheshai, A., Abou El Wafa, H., Elkholy, O. (2009). Psychological Interventions in Crisis settings. The Internet Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 1, no.1. Roberts, A. R., Ottens, A.J. (2010). The Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model: A Road Map to Goal Attainment, Problem Solving, and Crisis Resolution. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, vol. 5, no. 4; pp.329-339. Roberts, A.R. (2016). Assessment, Crisis Intervention, and Trauma Treatment: The Integrative Act Intervention Model. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://btci.edina.clockss.org/cgi/reprint/2/1/1.pdf Stevens, B. A., Ellerbrock, L. S. (2016). Crisis Intervention: An Opportunity To Change. ERIC Digest. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/crisis.htm Tuen, T.H. (2016). Effects of the Economic Crisis on the Placement of People with Disabilities in Singapore. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.vane.to/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=109:effects-of-the-economic-crisis-on-the-placement-of-people-with-disabilities-in-singapore-catid=7Itemid=8 UN Women. (2012). Crisis intervention model. Retrieved on 24th December 2016 from: https://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/1419-crisis-intervention-model.html

Aristotle and Plato Life after Death

Introduction Since the emergence of religion and the study of philosophy, the fate of the human soul after death has been an issue that has attracted much attention. Most philosophers have differed over the issue and put forward theories and explanations to validate their stands. On the other hand, religion has maintained that the soul is immortal and survives the death of the body. Two of the greatest philosophers of early time, Plato and Aristotle, held contradicting views and explanations as to the fate of the soul.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle and Plato: Life after Death – Compare and Contrast specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Plato argued that the soul is immortal and therefore survives the death of the body. In contrast, Plato argued that the soul cannot exist without the body and it therefore perishes together with the body at death. Both philosophers put forward arguments to support the ir stand on the matter. However, there is no definite agreement as to the issue and remains a matter of faith for religions and speculation for free thinkers. Discussion Plato based his stand on several arguments. First, he taught that good people receive rewards both in this earthly life and in the afterlife. He argued that goodness was not a means to an end but an end in itself. This was one of the basics of his teaching of the immortality of the soul. He believed that the association between the soul and the body served to deform its pure state. Despite the deformation, the soul retained a certain portion of its real nature with its expression in the longing for wisdom. This argument supports his teaching that the destruction of an object results only from its own evil. As such, the soul can only meet destruction through its own inner evils. Plato maintained that immortality is the only affliction of the soul that can only harm it even though no evidence exists to explain the eff ect of death on the soul Secondly, Plato used reincarnation to advance his stand further. At the time, the Greeks held a belief that everything that was in existence was in a recurring cycle that was eternal. As such, Plato believed that death and life were complementary and one came after the other. He gave the example of sleep. After sleep a person wakes up and after waking up, sleep follows. The same was with death and life: they were cyclic and therefore one came after the other. As such, the soul cannot die because there is life after death. Thirdly, he argued that the soul existed before the body. He supported this statement by observing that humans possess a special kind of knowledge in the ability to draw comparisons. This is evidence of a pre-existent soul. He however claims that this knowledge is lost at birth and retraced with the special help of an instructor. Aristotle used scientific approach by combining biology and metaphysics concepts to explain the idea of the immo rtality of the soul. Aristotle taught that the unity of the soul and the body was crucial and therefore, the soul cannot exist alone without the body. He argued that the soul’s main purpose is development and that this is only possible in association with the body.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, the sole purpose of the soul is dependent on the body and if the body dies, then the soul succumbs to the death too because it cannot exist alone. Aristotle further held the belief that the soul was responsible for the existence of the body as the source of locomotion and other changes. Based on this claim, he stated that the soul could not survive death since it was the source of locomotion for the body. The view that substances possess specific body forms enhanced Aristotle’s claim. He claimed that an inward soul that these substances possessed maintained them in exi stence. He viewed the soul as a collection of reason moved by a need for significance. As such, different life forces that served different purposes made up the soul. Upon death of the body, these forces returned to their source leading to the disintegration of the soul. In addition, he believed that the body came into existence before the soul. This implies that the ability to reason developed before the ability to feel. As such, the body must have initiated the development of the soul hence its immortality. Aristotle’s arguments are more plausible compared Plato’s. Plato’s arguments are highly metaphysical and complex to comprehend. Plato’s arguments are simple, logical and easily conceivable by the mind. The inclusion of scientific and metaphysical knowledge makes his arguments all-inclusive and easy to conceive and understand. Conclusion The fate of the human soul after death has been an issue of much attention. Most philosophers have differed over th e issue and put forward theories and explanations to validate their stands. On the other hand, religion has maintained that the soul is immortal and survives the death of the body. Plato and Aristotle had their contribution on the issue and it is still today a matter of either faith or speculation. Precisely, Aristotle’s arguments are more plausible than those of Plato are. This essay on Aristotle and Plato: Life after Death – Compare and Contrast was written and submitted by user Melina A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Character Similarities Between Medea and Lysestrata essays

Character Similarities Between Medea and Lysestrata essays Though different playwrights wrote Trifles, Medea, and Lysistrata they contain many of the same scenarios and characterizations. Both plays have protagonists that are strong-minded women who feel they have been duped by the men in their lives and they seek to return things to their normal daily lives. The women outwit the men and take the law in their own hands. Lysistrata believes the war is being mishandled and prolonged because of the stubbornness of the men. Medea, on the other hand believes she has been unlawfully cast aside by Jason and seeks her revenge. And in Trifles Mrs. Wright is isolated by her husband to spend her life in a small house with none of her pleasures of her youth. I believe that the reactions from the women are all due to their place in society. In Greek society women had no power and thus were held as second-class citizens who must obey their husbands. Women in the early twentieth century had very little power and for the most part were ruled by their husbands. In each play the women revolt against those in charge in order to obtain recognition of what rights to which they are entitled. All three women mean well. Medea doesnt want Jason to marry the princess for the sheer reason that while he is married to her he will continue a relationship with Medea as well. Medea clearly sees that the relationship with Jason and the princess will prove to be the kind of relationships based on what Jason wants and the princess will be just another person that Jason would be using. Despite the trials and tribulations that the men in Lysistrata endure they are punished and tortured to end a war. Lysistrata wants to stop the massive murders that occur on the battlefields and with good reason. She could have gone about things a different way, but the play was written as a farce and what Aristophanes did was appropriate. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters too recognize the ...

Can we apply Hobbes argument about the state of nature to Essay

Can we apply Hobbes argument about the state of nature to international relations - Essay Example In this regard, the state of nature considers men to be in a competition with each other for resources that include food, for example. As a result, they tend to distrust and fear one another thus instigating a pre-emptive attack due to the quest to maximise their own interests at the expense of other people. On the other hand, difference, emanates from the desire for natural equality and the fear factor that eventually leads to war. On this note, the state of nature suggests that, the alternative option for removing the contributory factors to conflict is to embrace the state by surrendering sovereignty to the Leviathan in order to enjoy security and order. According to Hobbes, the international sphere exists in a form of the state of nature (1985, p.37). This paper explores whether Hobbes argument about the state of nature can apply to international relations. While international relations emphasises a peaceful co-existence between sovereign states, the Hobbesian view focuses on the defensive character of states. This makes it difficult to apply the Hobbesian argument in international relations because; it discards the moral principles that guide the relations among states. Hobbes advances five conditions for the state of nature that includes equality, competition, and the existence of two types of people, non- universal egoism and uncertainty. With regard to equality, Hobbesian view reiterates that people possess almost equal mental and physical capabilities. As a result, those regarded as weak also have enough power either mental or physical to destroy the strongest. The competition caused by scarcity of resources also creates a situation where everyone grapples for the same unlimited resources. The Hobbesian view further associates the scarce resource with power since not everyone can amass power. In this sense, power is often a preserve for a few individuals in the society who tend to maximise it for their own self-interest (Hampton, 1987,

IRAC Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IRAC Method - Essay Example Moreover, the method distinguishes the relevant laws that are used by the court with facts and justifies effective resolution (California State University, n.d.). Therefore, the paper intends to briefly discuss about the case of Reid v. Covert through analyzing an effective IRAC method. The discussion of the report will be highly focused on demonstrating the overall scenario including the problem, relevant commandments concerning the case as well as final outcomes of the court. Background of the Case (Reid v. Covert) The case of Reid v Covert (354 U.S. 1) can be considered as one of the major milestone cases addressed by the Supreme Court of the United States. The case had been conducted during the year of 1955 against Mrs. Clarice Covert for killing her sergeant husband in the military base. During the case of Mrs. Covert concerning her suspected offense, a jurisdiction agreement had been observed to be present between the United States and the United Kingdom which further authorize d the military court of the US to take adequate jurisdiction right over the crime conducted in the UK military base by servicemen of the US or by their dependents (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). IRAC Method Assessment Issue The case of Reid v. Covert can be observed as a major decisive case adjudicated by the US Supreme Court which incorporated principle constitutional issues. The case was documented in No. 701, October Term, 1955 in which Mrs. Covert had been convicted for killing her husband who was a sergeant in the US Air Force. The incident had taken place at an airbase located in the United Kingdom. According to the case, it has been observed that Mrs. Covert was not a part of the armed services and she was live in the military base with her husband during the incident period. Moreover, the trial related to the issue was conducted based on the charges selected by the personnel of the Air Force. The major issue that emerged from the case was regarding a clash between the Constitution of a country and an enacted treaty. Raise of constitutional issue was the major concern within the case. The issue raised a question regarding the role played by the military under the governmental system. The issue also raised the Bill of Rights related concern. In this case, for the first time, after the implementation of the Constitution, wives of any soldier had been deprived of trial prior to a court-martial (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). Rule With regard to the case of Reid v. Covert, it has been recognized that the rule of law applied was Article 118 under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). With reference to this article, court-martial took place which comprised officers of the Air Force. Through the court martial under the Article 2 (11) of UCMJ rule was affirmed over Mrs. Covert. Any treaty or provision agreed upon by the US comes under consideration of the article and are regarded as rule enacted beneath international law. Moreover, all indi viduals employed by or serving with or accompanying the military forces devoid of the continental periphery of the US are also considered. The other rules of law relate to the verdict provided regarding case by Air Force Board of Review, 16 CMR 465, which was reversed by the verdict presented by the Court of Military Appeals. Furthermore, with regard to the case Fifth as well as Sixth Amendments of the Constitution were of significance (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). Analysis It can be analyzed with the regard to the case that the counsel in authority for Mrs. Covert argued that she was in an insane state of physical condition while she murdered her husband. However, the military tribunal deemed

Stereotyping In Advertising In Mauritius Media Essay

Stereotyping In Advertising In Mauritius Media Essay This study will concentrate on the females attitude towards stereotyping associated with women in advertising. The controversy over the portrayal of women in advertising continues today. More and more, women are taking on a broader role and responsibilities in society. However, as we cross the threshold of this new decade, there is a significant question that needs to be answered. While the debate over whether or not advertisers portray women realistically bear on, the fundamental concern is how women feel and respond to the portrayal of females in advertising, despite of the action or inaction of advertisers to effect change. Do females believe that advertisers portray women in realistic ways or do they believe they are shown in stereotypical roles of housewives and/or sex objects? This study examines the attitudes, feeling and perception of female consumers toward the portrayal of women in advertising. Purpose of research The purpose of this study is to analyse Mauritian females attitude towards the stereotyping of women in advertising. More specifically, the primary goals of this study are: (1) To investigate about womens perceptions in relation to the stereotyping of females in advertising. (2) To examine if women believe that advertisers depict females in stereotypical roles of housewives and/or sex objects. (3) To explore the veracity of Cultivation Theory on Mauritian females. (4) To find out whether stereotypes have harmful effects on women themselves. (5) To investigate if the stereotyping of women in advertising affect the purchasing pattern of females. Research questions A vital step toward providing a sound theoretical foundation for the research project is the development of concrete research questions and hypotheses. This process typically begins with a preliminary review of the existing literature for your topic. A research question poses an affiliation between two or more variables but phrases the relationship in terms of some question. -What group of females considers that women are being stereotype in advertising? -What type of portrayal of women in advertising is offensive to females? -What is the miss-representation of women in advertisement? -Do females consider that advertising suggest that women primary occupation is as homemakers? -Do female consider that women are portrayed as sex objects? -Do females feel that advertising does not really show women as they really are? -Are females persuaded to buy products or services if they are being advertising by women? -What are the negative effects that females experience when they are stereotyped in advertising? Hypotheses Once the research questions are firmly established the next step is to develop a set of hypotheses based on the questions posed by the study. A hypothesis is a declarative statement that attempts to predict the relationship between two or more variables based on statistical consideration. Hypotheses are numeric estimates of population value based on data collected from samples. Testing of hypotheses employs statistical procedures in which the investigator draws inferences about the population from a study sample. In this study of Understanding females attitudes towards womens stereotyping in advertising in Mauritius, the hypotheses are as follows: Ho-Women believe that advertisers depict females in stereotypical roles of housewives and/or sex objects. H1-Women do not believe that advertisers depict females in stereotypical roles of housewives and/or sex objects. Ho-Stereotypes have harmful effects on women concerning their body image. H1- Stereotypes do not have harmful effects on women concerning their body image. Ho- Stereotyping of women in advertising affect the purchasing pattern of females. H1- Stereotyping of women in advertising does not affect the purchasing pattern of females. Chapter 2 Overview of Literature Review This chapter reviews the related literature that will include articles related to stereotyping of women in advertising, factors leading to stereotyping of women, how women are portrayed in advertisement, and how advertising influences females perception and behaviors. It will also examine the theoretical framework that will be used for the study presented in this research paper. Literature Review Introduction It has been argued that advertising over the yesteryears has not presented a pragmatic illustration of women and their roles in society. It is harmless to state that stereotypes exist and are a part of our lives. The advertisements from the 50à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s are not opposed from the advertisements broadcasted today in the present; reminiscing women where they belong: in the home, cleaning, mopping, baking and cooking, parenting, fostering, and looking sexually attractive. Stereotyping of Women in Advertising Stereotyping of women has been a main concern with media researchers. Studies have dealt with the portrayal of women in all forms of media. A close assessment of the literature on stereotyping of women in media revealed that each of these studies had its center of attention on at least one or more of the following categories (Shrikhande; 2003): 1) Women portrayed at domicile and with family 2) Women and occupation 3) Women and their age 4) Women and their physical appearance or attire 5) Women as product representatives or as product users 6) Women and stance The community acts according to these portrayal because they are considered socially acceptable. For instance, when people think of an advertisement for a household cleaner, what comes to mind, most likely, is a woman. It is also likely that the picture in peoples minds corresponds closely to what researchers have called the happy housewife stereotype. This is a stereotype that has been associated with the image of women in most print and television advertisements. Media is very effective at creating stereotypes because they are sometimes the only source of information we have about other groups and they often represent a distorted view of those groups (Straubhaar 2004). No matter what type of life a women lives, there will always be a certain stereotype about her within society. Women in commercials are confined into what roles they can play on television commercials. In most advertisements in which women act in, the commercial is set out to capture the interests of stereotypical womens hobbies and interests. A stereotype would be best described as when one ignores diversity and makes sweeping generalizations about a groups values, behaviour, and beliefs (Straubhaar 2004). Advertisements remain replicated in obsolete gender stereotypes by portraying women as having an ideal body image, eating disorders and acting as sex symbols. The debate over the portrayal of women in advertising continues today. One of the harshest criticisms of the way in which women are portrayed in television and print advertisements is that women are shown in an extremely contracted range of roles, with descriptions concentrated on the conventional occupations of housewife, a mother and secretary. Many studies have found support for this criticism (Bardwick et al., 1967; Courtney et al., 1971; Dominick et al., 1972; Ferrante, Haynes, Kingsley, 1988; Gilly, 1988; and Knill et al., 1981). Factors leading to stereotyping of women Early attitudes towards women Women have always been regarded as a creative source of human life. However, history reveals that they have been considered not only intellectually inferior to men but also a main cause of temptation and evil. For instance, in the Greek mythology, it was a woman, Pandora, who opened the forbidden box and brought plagues and misery to mankind. Early Roman law described women as children, forever inferior to men (Womens International Center, 1995). Ancient Christian theology conserved these conceptions. St. Jerome, a 4th-century Latin father of the Christian church, said: Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object. Thomas Aquinas, the 13th-century Christian theologian, stated that woman was created to be mans helpmeet, but her unique role is in conception . . . since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men (Womens International Center, 1995). In the East, the approach toward women was at first more favorable. In early India, for instance, women were not deprived of possessions rights or human freedoms by marriage. But after the evolution of Hinduism in India about the 500 BC, obedience of women toward men was compulsory Women had to walk in the rear of their husbands. Women could not have possession of property, and widows were not allowed to remarry (Womens International Center, 1995). In the fourteenth centuries women acquired more status when they were allowed to educate themselves and earn mastership in a variety of trades. Unfortunately womens status suffered a blow during the Renaissance as there were more restrictions on womens sexuality and political rights. Although women were learned and able to act as rulers, the dropping position of working women amplified the significance of womens contribution to the family. During the reformation womens status as wives and mothers was increased and they were controlled by their husbands (Womens International Center, 1995). Cultural images of women Merriam Webster defines culture as the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Culture ideas, symbols, norms and values occupy a major role in the conception of women images and the demarcation of gender roles. To understand the images of femininity the Indian society can be taken as an example. India, a heterogeneous society, demonstrates incompatible women images. The standardize model image of Indian womanhood has disclosed significant consistency. Images of women have not remained stagnant and have been subject to various metaphors. Nevertheless, some basic models have prevalent approval. Diverse cultural images of women: Pativrata- absolute devotion to husband, glorified motherhood, Bharat Mata Image. The insight of diverse categories of women is specifically formed by the commonly accepted female images and stereotypes in the society (Bhargava 2009). Moreover, at the interpersonal stage within the family situation, these images are often imposing in a variety of ways. Indian girls grow up with deep rooted sense of apprehension and anxiety which not only confines their social mobility in the everyday life but also often psychologically cripples them to confront the afflictions of life in general and oppose gender based discrimination in particular. These gender divisions, flowing nearly straight from the popular imagery fostered these images in most Indian families. It can be stated that possibly most significantly; these images leave a profound imprint upon womens self-perception (Bhargava 2009). Women in advertisement Advertising has been a major goal of attack and investigation. The fundamental enlightenment for the significant focus on sex role portrayal in advertising lies in the close relationship, which prevails among advertising, the consumer goods industry and the vital economic role of women as consumers. Usually it is exhibit in advertisement a womans ambition in life is to magnetise and achieve a man:-women are publicised in advertising as forever young and attractive. They are repeatedly depicted as sexual objects. Women in advertisements are constrained to the home and isolated from other women outside home, man is her preferred partner. Domesticity is the next role of two dimensional image of femininity in advertising (Bhargava 2009). Moreover, there are open obscene advertisements relating to sexual stereotypes that are established in different media. The Indian description of sex stereotyping would have all women carrying themselves like legendary sita and savitri- docile, submissive, sacrificing, emotional, fearful, and incompetent of coherent action, their most important duty being wives, partners and mothers. What is being canvas here is gross counterfeit modern lifestyle which is detached from the common Indian womans struggle to survive completely negating and never inquiring her reality (Bhargava 2009). Stereotyping of women in Television Commercials One of the earliest studies that discussed about the image of women in television commercials was by Bardwick and Schumann (1967). Bardwick and Schumann (1967) examined male and female role portrayals in television commercials and settled on the fact that women are portrayed first and foremost as homebound or as housewives. Courtney and Whipple (1974) analysed the stereotyping of women in television commercials and identify major distinctness between men and women. Women were over-symbolised in advertisements for cosmetics and were less likely to appear in advertisements for cars, trucks and related products. 75 percent of all advertisements using women were for products found in the kitchen or bathroom, strengthening the stereotype that a womans place is at home. Women were typically portrayed in house settings rather than business settings in contrast to men. Women were represented as reliant on men and were looked at above all as sexual objects. Courtney and Whipple (1974) described sexual objects as, where women had no role in the commercial, but emerged as a piece of decoration. Researchers found that 87% of voiceovers were male and only 6% of voiceovers were done using females (Courtney Whipple, 1974). Later studies confirmed this (Culley Bennett, 1976; Dominick Rauch, 1972; Lundstorm Sciglimpaglia, 1977; McArthur Resko, 1975; O.Donnell O.Donnell, 1978; Schneider Schneider, 1979). Women were most prone to be characterised not by job-related or other types of roles, but in roles that defined them in terms of their relationships with others, i.e. as spouse, girlfriend, parent or friend (McArthur and Resko, 1975). Moreover, it was discovered that women were portrayed as product users in 86% of advertisements and as product authorities in only 14% of the commercials, compared to men who were depicted overwhelmingly as authorities (McArthur and Resko, 1975). Browne (1998) analysed sex role stereotyping in television commercials aimed at children in the United States and Australia. Her results are in general parallel to those of earlier studies and point out significant gender stereotyping (Macklin Kolbe, 1984; McArthur Eisen, 1976; Sternglanz Serbin, 1974). Her outcome specify that boys appeared in greater numbers in the television commercials, were assign more dominant, dynamic and aggressive roles compared to girls. Gender role reinforcement was detected at the level of body language and facial expressions; girls were portrayed as reserved, giggly, improbable to assert control, less active and helpful. Stereotyping of women in Print Advertisements Chafetz, Lorence and Larosa (1993) analysed six trade publications to evaluate if there had been an impact in female participation in professional vocations and whether an editorial personnel with more women has helped reduce gender stereotyping of professional women. Chafetz, Lorence and Larosa (1993) found that greater relative numbers of women in the occupation over time and an increased share of women in the editorial staff have resulted in portraying women as professionals, confident, independent and attractive. Gender composition of editorial staff had a consistent and a positive effect on how women are portrayed in advertising. However, women are still portrayed less favorably in male-oriented professional publications. Chafetz, Lorence and Larosa.s (1993) findings also suggest that the non-advertisement visuals appear to be conveying a decreasing level of gender stereotyping, because such visuals often appear with stories about work being done by those who practice the target ed occupation or are closely related to it, hence encouraging gender equitable treatment. Perception about womens stereotyping in advertising The Womens Liberation Movement put pressure on marketers to cautiously study how women were portrayed in advertisements. Many studies (Courtney Lockeretz, 1971, Wagner Banos, 1973) analysed womens role in advertising, but they are mainly content analyses. Wortzel and Frisbie found that there was no consistent preference for a specific role for all product categories. Women tended to choose their preferred role based on the class of the product being advertised. In addition, it was found that women with positive attitudes toward the movement, considered modern or progressive, did not reject traditional female role portrayals. Women were satisfied and accepting of traditional role portrayals in advertisements, regardless of their thoughts on Womens Liberation. Studies indicated that for both traditional and modern women, more favorable attitudes resulted from consistency between the ad role portrayal and their role orientation. The most favorable attitudes were from traditional women exposed to the traditional role portrayal. The least favorable attitudes were found by modern women who viewed the traditional role portrayal (Leigh, 1987). Mode rn woman is supposedly more free with choices to exercise and this is apparent in the slick advertisements where women have free body language and seem more open, articulate and more sexual (Aruna, Nidhi Kotwal Shradha Sahni, 2008) Females perception about stereotyping of women in advertising A Canadian research carried out by Susan DeYoung and F.G. Crane shows that that a more realistic portrayal of women in advertising is not only desirable but fundamental in a modern marketplace. Women do not only want a more realistic portrayal but believe that they deserve it (Susan DeYoung and F.G. Crane, 1992). A predominantly imperative finding in this study is the fact that the attitudes held by women cut across age, income, education and marital status categories. Therefore, advertisers cannot simply overlook complaints about the portrayal of women in advertising to a small group of liberal feminists. The concern seems to be widespread. This study is a replication of an American study which was conduct 10 years ago prior to the Canadian study. The following table shows the attitudes and perception of women towards stereotyping of women in advertising. CANADIAN STUDY 1990 VERSUS AMERICAN STUDY 1979 Percentage agreeing with statement Canada 1990 US 1979 1. Advertising suggests a womans place is in the home 51 60 2. Advertising I see does not show women as they really are 77 60 3. Advertising suggests that women are dependent on men 51 50 4. Advertising shows women mainly as sex objects 80 60 5. Advertising suggests women do not make important decisions 63 82 6. Advertising suggests women do not do important things 46 60 7. I am more sensitive than I used to be to the portrayal of women in advertising 54 55 8. I find the portrayal of women in advertising to be offensive 50 60 9. If a product I buy is advertised in a way that I find offensive to women, I would stop buying it 51 31 10. If a new product uses advertising that I find offensive to women, I would not buy it, even if it was a good product 48 28 Source: Females attitudes toward the portrayal of women in advertising: a Canadian study 1992 Theoretical Framework Cultivation Theory Cultivation theory also referred to as the cultivation hypothesis or cultivation analysis was an approach developed by Professor George Gerbner, dean of the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania (Chandler, 1995). The purpose of the Cultural Indicators project was to identify and track the cultivated effects of television on viewers (Buchanan et al, 2010). A research by Buchanan (2010 cited by Miller 2005) showed that they were concerned with the effects of television programming on the attitudes and behaviours of the American public (Buchanan et al, 2010). There are various communication theories, but Gerbners Cultivation Theory is above all pertinent to numerous situations. It focuses on the suggestion that television plays a fundamental role in viewers perceptions of the humanity by touching attitudes, beliefs, and ways of thinking (Lindquist, 2006). Thus it is harmless to state that through television, people are exposed to various advertising that are typically stereotyping women in a negative manner. The severity of these effects depends on the amount of television an individual watches each day (Lindquist, 2006). Gerbners Cultivation theory suggests that television can alter or cultivate a viewers perception of social reality (Buchanan et al, 2010). It is harmless to state that according to Gerbner, a viewers belief of reality is shaped by the amount of continual exposure to television combined with media messages over a long period of time. Application of the Theory to the Study An extremely widespread problem in our society today is the misconstrued perception many women and adolescent girls have about their bodies. The media portrays thin bodies as being beautiful and desirable, yet most of the women on television and in advertisements can be considered to be dangerously underweight when looking at them from a medical perspective (Lindquist, 2006). Consumer culture and media imagery have a pervasive and powerful influence on girls at a critical developmental stage; American girls are socialized to cement and signal identity through visual symbols that include visible consumption of prestige goods or a particular body presentation that conforms to cultural aesthetic ideals (Becker, 2004). A research by Becker (2004 cited by Gordon 2000 and Pipher 1994) suggest that there are several reasons to believe that adolescence places girls at particular risk as participants in consumer culture. For instance, many have suggested that adolescence is a time when American girls are challenged by simultaneous conflicting cultural demands to maintain both a trajectory of achievement and the requirements of female roles; such conflict, if severe and unresolved, may manifest in a variety of difficulties, including an eating disorder (Becker. 2004). The concept of mainstreaming that Gerbner discusses can be linked to this problem regarding females and poor body image. According to the Cultivation Theory, heavy viewers of television will experience the effects of mainstreaming, where their attitudes and opinions are essentially created by information and portrayals they receive from the television. In the media where womens beauty and body perfection are defined by emaciated figures, it is only natural that heavy-viewing females begin to have their attitudes shaped by this ideal. They begin to be affected by the reality constructed on the television more than the reality of the world around them. It has been discovered that heavy-viewing young women glamorize weight loss and dieting due to what they see on the television (Harrison Hefner, 2006). In fact, the study found that television viewing [is] linked to subsequent increases in eating pathology (Harrison Hefner, 2006). Another example of this idea is a study that was conduc ted in which the impact of television being introduced to young women in a rural community in Fiji was investigated. The young womens opinions about their bodies in terms of weight had been drastically influenced by the television and had urges to reshape their bodies in order to fit in with the ideals that were presented to them through the television (Lindquist, 2006). Limitation of The Cultivation Theory to the study Even though this theory provides us with a unique way of looking at television as a highly influential part to stereotyping of women in advertising, it omitted some aspects that also seem to have an impact on the perception of people. The Cultivation Theory ignores the influence of other forms of media, such as commercials, magazines, newspapers, music, advertisements, and many others (Lindquist, 2006). Relating back to the issue of womens obsession with thinness, it has been discovered that both print and electronic media exposure are associated with an increased drive for thinness (Harrison Hefner, 2006). Commercials, magazines, and printed advertisements are heavily lined with figures that maintain the negative body image that many women have. While these aspects of the media are most likely cultivating similar attitudes that are produced by the television, it is possible that they have some sort of other effect on womens perceptions of themselves. The attitudes that have been co nstructed for people by the media cannot be based solely on television. Female Body Image and the Mass Media Perspectives on How Women Internalise the Ideal Beauty Standard Mass medias use of unrealistic models sends an implicit message that distorts the healthy body image and it makes it thorny for females to attain any stage of satisfaction with their physical appearance. There has been a plethora of study to show that women are negatively affected by regular exposure to models that execute the unrealistic media ideal of beauty; nevertheless, it is not clear how these images in fact come to affect womens satisfaction with their physical appearance (Serdar [no date]). Female Body Image Body image is a complicated aspect of the self-concept that concerns an individuals perceptions and feelings about their body and physical appearance (Cash Pruzinsky, 2002). Females of all ages seem to be particularly vulnerable to disturbance in this area; body dissatisfaction in women is a well-documented phenomenon in mental health literature. Researchers have called females concerns with their physical appearance normative discontent; implying that body dissatisfaction affects almost all women at some level (Striegel-Moore Franko, 2002, p. 183; Tiggemann Slater, 2004). Females have been found to experience dissatisfaction with physical appearance at a much higher rate than males (Striegel-Moore Franko, 2002), and women of all ages and sizes display body image disturbance. It appears that body dissatisfaction is more closely linked to appearance-related cognitions than physical reality. People are at higher risk to display disturbed body image if they hold dysfunctional belief s and cognitions about their physical appearance, regardless of body mass (Butters Cash, 1987). Concerns with the development of disordered eating are an especially vital issue because such patterns have been found to be a major predictor of clinical eating disorders. Body dissatisfaction and preoccupation with food, shape, and weight are some of the core features in the diagnostic criteria of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Estimates of the prevalence of such disorders vary, but most state that 3% to 10% of females ages 15 to 29 could be considered anorexic or bulimic. Most individuals who develop an eating disorder start with what is considered typical dieting behavior. With increasing numbers of females reporting disturbed body image and engaging in dieting behavior, there has been a significant level of concern about the increasing incidence of eating disorders. This is especially true of individuals who display early signs of body image disturbance and disordered eating (Polivy Herman, 2002). Images of Women in the Media Images in the media today project an unrealistic and even dangerous standard of feminine beauty that can have a powerful influence on the way women view themselves. From the perspective of the mass media, thinness is idealized and expected for women to be considered attractive. Images in advertisements, television, and music usually portray the ideal woman as tall, white, and thin, with a tubular body, and blonde hair (Dittmar Howard, 2004; Lin Kulik, 2002; Polivy Herman, 2004; Sands Wardle, 2003; Schooler, Ward, Merriwether, Caruthers, 2004; Tiggemann Slater, 2003). The media is littered with images of females who fulfill these unrealistic standards, making it seem as if it is normal for women to live up to this ideal. Dittmar and Howard (2004) made this statement regarding the prevalence of unrealistic media images: Ultra-thin models are so prominent that exposure to them becomes unavoidable and chronic, constantly reinforcing a discrepancy for most women and girls between their actual size and the ideal body (p. 478). Only a very small percentage of women in Western countries meet the criteria the media uses to define beautiful (Dittmar Howard, 2004; Thompson Stice, 2001); yet so many women are repeatedly exposed to media images that send the message that a woman is not acceptable and attractive if she do not match societys ultra-thin standard of beauty (Dittmar Howard, 2004, p. 478). In recent years, womens body sizes have grown larger (Spitzer, Henderson, Zivian, 1999), while societal standards of body shape have become much thinner. This discrepancy has made it increasingly difficult for most women to achieve the current sociocultural ideal. Such a standard of perfection is unrealistic and even dangerous. Many of the models shown on television, advertisements, and in other forms of popular media are approximately 20% below ideal body weight, thus meeting the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (Dittmar Howard, 2004). Research has repeatedly shown that constant exposure to thin models fosters body image concerns and disordered eating in many females. Almost all forms of the media contain unrealistic images, and the negative effects of such idealistic portrayals have been demonstrated in numerous studies. Schooler et al. (2004) found that women who reported greater exposure to television programming during adolescence were more likely to experience high levels of body image disturbance than females that did not report such levels of exposure. In addition, certain types of programming seem to elicit higher levels of body dissatisfaction in females. A study done by Tiggemann and Slater (2003) found that women who viewed music videos that contained thin models experienced increased levels of negative mood and body image disturbance. Music videos seem to send a particularly direct message that woman should live up to the sociocultural ideal; women portrayed are almost always direct representations of w hat our culture considers beautiful. In addition, music television is an increasingly influential form of media, especially for adolescent and college females. Mainstream magazines and advertisements are another potent source of idealized images of women. This is disturbing because many women, especially adolescents, have been found to read such material on a regular basis. Findings of one study indicate that 83% of teenage girls reported reading fashion magazines for about 4.3 hours

Climate Change in Vietnam

HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (HUTECH) FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT & BIOTECHNOLOGY HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE CONTENTS I. CLIMATE CHANGE I. 1. Greenhouse gas emission I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems II. 2. Impacts on the economy II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors II. 4. Impacts on society I. CLIMATE CHANGE: I. 1.Greenhouse gas emission: Greenhouse gas emission (CO2, CH4, N2O) has continuously increased globally since the industrial revolution, especially due to human’s activities including the exploitation of fossils for industrial and agricultural production and transportation. Greenhouse gas accumulated over an extended period causes a greenhouse effect, which raises the global temperature. The level of greenhouse gas per person in Vietnam is lower than the worldà ¢â‚¬â„¢s average level (Table 1. ), but Vietnam is one of the countries that is most affected by climate change. Table 1. 1. Estimated greenhouse gas emmission level per person Unit:  Tons  of  CO2  equivalent/person | Year 2004| Year 2010| America *| 20| 21,6| Europe *| 11| 11| The world’s average *| 5| | China *| 4| | Vietnam **| 1,5| 1,6| Source:  (*)  Climate  Change  101:  Understanding  and  Responding to  Global  Climate  Change,  2007 (**)  Estimation  in  Vietnam  Initial  National  Communication  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Under  the United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  change,  MoNRE,  2003Vietnam conducted a greenhouse gas emission inventory in 1993 (The first national inventory notice, 2004), in 1998 (Greenhouse gas emmision inventory report, 2008) and in 2000 (The second national notice, 2010). The inventory result showed that the total greenhouse gas emission in 2000 was 150. 9 million tons of eq. C O2. The emission structure has changed however compared to the previous years. The proportion of emission compared to the total figure has increased in the sectors of waste, energy and industrial processes (Diagram 1. ). Diagram 1. 1. The evolution of GHG emission of each sector in 1993,1998,2000 The inventory result in 2000 showed that agriculture was the biggest source of emission with 65 million tons of eq. CO2 (accounting for 43. 1%), which was followed by the energy sector (35%). But the agricultural emission proportion compared to the total emission reduced against the previous 2 inventories. GHG emission inventory research in sectors showed that only forestry and land use restructuring were able to absorb and reduce CO2.CO2 absorption by the forests and other kinds of land coverage was 75. 74 million tons of eq. CO2, and by soil 90. 85 million tons of eq. CO2. Totally, GHG emission from agriculture and land use restructuring was 15. 1 million tons, accounting for 10% of the t otal emission. There is much scientific evidence showing that the earth is heating up due to increasing GHG emission and global climate change is taking place rapidly and with significent impact. Thus, if GHG emission continues to increase, the impacts of climate change will be more serious.Countries, that have long coastlines and are located near the equator like Vietnam will have to face great impacts from climate change. I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam: Climate change is taking place and causing great changes, which are shown in extreme and unusual weather phenomena experienced recently such as increasing temperature, strong storm, heavy rains, floods, drought, and rising sea level etc. Temperature: Over the last 50 years (1958-2007), the annual average temperature in Vietnam increased from between 0. – 0. 7 °C. The temperature in winter rose faster than that in summer and the temperature in the north rose faster than that in the south. In 2007, the annu al average temperature in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang were higher than the average figures in 1931 to 1940 by 0. 8 -1. 3 °C and higher than that in 1991 – 2000 by 0. 4- 0. 5 °C (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Rainfall: In each region, there was no big change in the annual average rainfall in each period and in different locations.However the annual rainfall reduced in the Northern climatic zones and increased in the Southern climatic zones. The national average rainfall over the last 50 years (1958 – 2007) reduced by 2%. However, rainfall pattern within the year changed with a negative trend: increasing in the rainy season and reducing in the dry season. Cold air: The number of cold spells that affected Vietnam reduced remarkably over the past 2 decades. However, unusual manifestation appeared more regularly.The latest one was a chilly cold spells that lasted for 30 days in January and February in 2008 in the Northern region. (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Storm: In the recent past 5 to 6 decades, the frequency of tropical cyclones on the East sea increased by 0. 4 storm per decade; the frequency of tropical cyclones affected Vietnam increased by 0. 2 storm per decade; in recent years, high intensity storms appeared more regularly. The storm’s orbit trended southward and the stormy season ended later. Many storms travelled unusually and irregularly. Source: Vietnam’s second notice to the UN Convention Frame work on Climate Change, MONRE, 2010). Sea level: Monitoring data at Marine Observatories along Vietnam’s coastline showed that the average rise in sea level was 3mm/year (from 1993 – 2008) equivalent to the world’s average rate of increase. Over the last 50 years, sea level at Hon Dau marine observatory rose by 20cm (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY Climate change is one of the biggest challenges for human beings in the 21st century.Climate change will cause serious impacts on production, life and environment globally. Increasing temperature and rising sea level causing flooding together with saline water sources that negatively affects agriculture will increase industrial risks and negatively impact future socio-economic systems. II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems: Sea water rise, more high-intensity natural disasters, sediment levels and saline level increases all have impacts on natural ecosystems. Rising sea level accelerates the landslide rate in the coastal areas and river mouths.It leads to the disappearance of mangrove forest such as the mangrove forest east of the Ca Mau cape, which is the natural habitat of many species. Rising sea level also floods the coastal areas, which has an impact on the growth of mangrove trees, especially those that are able to retain si lt banks and thus raise the level of the coastal areas, such as Avicennia, Sonneratia alba. Due to the impacts of climate change, natural forest ecosystems such as the dry dipterocarp forests, verdurous forests and deciduous forests have all reduced in acreage.The boundary of primeval forests and secondary forests can also change as a result. The dry dipterocarp forests will expand to the north; deciduous forests of drought tolerant plants will grow more strongly. High temperature can also lead to the extinction of some kinds of fauna and flora. Some kinds of plants such as aloe wood, textured wood and siadora Vietnamese, etc, can become extinct. Hundreds of animal species and plants have to change their habitats and life spans to adapt to climate change. II. 2. Impacts on the economy:Climate change has sizably impacts on some economic sectors, which indirectly put pressure on the environment II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture: Rising sea water and salt water intrusion in the Mekong River Delta and some areas in the Red River Delta, which are major agricultural hubs, threatens agricultural production and national food security. Salinity of 1†° has intruded landward by 50-60 km and salinity 4†° (harmful to plants) has intruded by 30-40 km from the river mouth. Source: The Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2008). The Mekong River Delta, which has 1,77 million ha of saline land, accounting for 45% of the total area, would be the most affected in the country. If sea level rises 30 cm, salinity of major branches of the Mekong River Delta would intrude by a further 10km. ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM According  to  the  climate  change  scenerio,  if  sea  water rises  by  1m,  the  Mekong  river  Delta  will  be  40%  flooded land,  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  river  Ã‚  Delta,  Ã‚  11%,  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  Ho  Ã‚  Chi  Ã‚  Minh  Ã‚  City,  Ã‚  over 20%.Nearly  10-12%  ofà ‚  national  population  will  be  directly affected  and  the  loss  of  Vietnam’s  GDP  is  estimated  at  10%. Source:  Vietnam  Insitute  of  Meterology  Hydrometeorology and  Environment,  MONRE,  2010 ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM According  to  the  climate  change  scenerio,  if  sea  water rises  by  1m,  the  Mekong  river  Delta  will  be  40%  flooded land,  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  river  Ã‚  Delta,  Ã‚  11%,  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  Ho  Ã‚  Chi  Ã‚  Minh  Ã‚  City,  Ã‚  over 20%. Nearly  10-12%  of  national  population  will  be  directly affected  and  the  loss  of  Vietnam’s  GDP  is  estimated  at  10%. Source:  Vietnam  Insitute  of  Meterology  Hydrometeorology and  Environment,  MONRE,  2010Increasing temperature would have impacts on productivity, increase the risk of diseases and change the plant structu re, which would cause food insecurity. Scientists have said that if the temperature increases 1 °C, it will affect 25% of productivity, such as rice at 10%, corn 5-20%, (would be 60% if the temperature rises 4 °C). The boundary of tropical plants will change toward higher mountain areas and northward. Increasing temperature affects the metabolism, growth rate, reproduction and seasonal crops of aquatic creatures, which are also prone to get diseases and be more exposed to toxic chemicals.Tropical fish (of low commercial value excluding tuna) would increase, while sub-tropical fish (high commercial value) would reduce. The oxygen content in water reduces sharply at night, which makes many kinds of shrimp and fish die or be stunted. II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector: When the temperature increases, energy consumption of some production sectors and domestic consumption also increases as they use more electrical devices: fans, air-conditioners, industrial cooling systems, etc, as well as pumping water for plants.A study by the Energy Institute, the Ministry of Industry and Trade shows that when the temperature in summer rises 1 °C, additional electricity charged from 9 am to 4pm increases higher than in other hours by 2. 2%/year, meaning electricity consumption would increase by 1%, especially in domestic, commercial and service sectors. When the temperature increases, the thermal cycle output of steam turbines reduces, which wastes fuel. When the temperature increases 1 °C, coal consumption of a 300 MW coal-fired thermal power plant would increase 0. 5%, equivalent to 4,500 tons/year.For a gas-turbine power plant, when the temperature increase 1 °C, generating capacity will reduce the productivity of a 250 MW gas-turbine by 0. 5%, which loses 7. 5 million kWh annually. Unusual storms and floods and rising sea level would also negatively affect the electricity operation, transmission and distribution systems, oil rigs, oil and gas pipelines to the m ainland, and oil up-loading to storage tanks. Besides, due to unusual heavy storms, reservoirs of hydro-power stations could not effectively regulate water which increase risks to the lowland area.Rains and storms would cause landslides and destroy dykes and hydropower system, which would impact the environment on a large scale. II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors: Storms, heavy rains and floods which increase in intensity and frequency, would damage and destroy infrastructure and facilities and damage the natural and social environment seriously, sometimes even to the extent where it is unable to recover. Rising sea level would make some beaches disappear, while others would adjust by shifting landward.It would affect cultural and historical sites, natural reserves and eco-tourism sites. Increasing temperature and shorter time of low temperature would reduce the attraction of mountain resorts, while the tourist season at the coast would last longer. (Source: Climate change imp acts on Vietnam). Construction and industrial clusters/zones built in the plains would face higher risks of flooding and difficulties in rainfall drainage as well as flooding caused by rising river and sea levels.Extreme weather conditions and natural disaster increase would reduce the durability of materials, devices, facilities and infrastructure. II. 4. Impacts on society: Climate change has direct and indirect influences on society and the community’s health. Unusual climate manifestation, prolonged cold and hot spells, increasing or reducing temperature have negative influences on people’s health.Climate change also cause epidemics and other sources of diseases to occur and spread more widely such as type A influenza H1N1 virus, type A influenza H5N1 virus, diarrhoea, cholera, and other kinds of tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, dermatological diseases, sore eyes and poisoning. CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE IN FECTED PEOPLE If  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  temperature  Ã‚  increases  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  between 3  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  5 °C,  Ã‚  around  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  80  Ã‚  million  Ã‚  people  Ã‚  worldwide will  face  the  risk  of  getting  malaria  every  year. Source: Report  of  Action  Aid). Official  statistics  of  a  WHO  survey  in  2000  showed that  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  warming  Ã‚  was  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  cause  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  an  Ã‚  additional 155,000  Ã‚  deaths  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  low-income  Ã‚  countries,  Ã‚  due  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  its impact  on  food  productivity  and  malnutrition,  diseases such  as  diarrhoea,  malaria  and  flood  related  incidents. 85%  of  the  deaths  were  under-5  children  in  low  income countries. Source:  Asia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Europe  conference  on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sharing  experience  on responding  to  global  clima te  change  and  emerging  diseases, Hanoi,  2009CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE INFECTED PEOPLE If  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  temperature  Ã‚  increases  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  between 3  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  5 °C,  Ã‚  around  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  80  Ã‚  million  Ã‚  people  Ã‚  worldwide will  face  the  risk  of  getting  malaria  every  year. (Source: Report  of  Action  Aid). Official  statistics  of  a  WHO  survey  in  2000  showed that  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  warming  Ã‚  was  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  cause  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  an  Ã‚  additional 155,000  Ã‚  deaths  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  low-income  Ã‚  countries,  Ã‚  due  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  its impact  on  food  productivity  and  malnutrition,  diseases such  as  diarrhoea,  malaria  and  flood  related  incidents. 85%  of  the  deaths  were  under-5  children  in  low  income countries.Source:  Asia  Ã¢â‚ ¬â€œÃ‚  Europe  conference  on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sharing  experience  on responding  to  global  climate  change  and  emerging  diseases, Hanoi,  2009 Being aware of the climate change impacts, Vietnam’s Government has joined and ratified the UN Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. After 2 years of implementation of the National Target Program on Climate Change Response, Vietnam has achieved initial noteworthy results. Ministries, sectors and localities have been preparing their Action Plans to respond to Climate change based on the premise of the National Action Plan.